Nonprofit organizations can fully and completely integrate their programs, functions, and membership by merging or consolidating. On occasion, two nonprofit organizations will want to combine their functions to expand their outreach to the individuals or groups they serve. A merger involves one of the organizations dissolving and the other organization taking over the assets and responsibilities while a consolidation involves both organizations dissolving and creating and entirely new nonprofit organization. The decision to merge or consolidate is based on legal, tax, or economic concerns, and usually it is a combination of all these factors.
The law imposes strict fiduciary responsibilities on members of an organization’s governing body to ensure that it is in the best interests of the organization. Directors and officers may be held personally liable if they fail to act prudently and with due diligence. It is also important to remember that when merging organizations are tax-exempt under different classifications, the resulting merged entity will generally need to file a new application for federal tax exemption with the IRS.
Mergers and consolidations of nonprofit organizations are complex processes that require the approval of the boards of directors and membership of each organization, and a plan of merger or consolidation must be presented to each organization and its members. In addition, federal antitrust laws prohibit mergers or consolidations that may substantially lessen competition in any line of commerce – including nonprofit organizations. An organization should have legal counsel review the impact of a proposed merger or consolidation due to the complex issues that may arise.
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